Exploring the history of "light" in Japan, its aesthetic values, and the modern culture of lighting is a journey that transcends the mere technological evolution of light sources, touching upon the unique culture of lighting in Japan. This article delves into the history of lighting in Japan, the unique aesthetic of "In'ei" (shadow and light), characteristics of lighting in traditional Japanese homes, various types of lighting fixtures, and the significance of incorporating these elements into modern times.
The History and Development of Lighting in Japan
The culture of lighting in Japan began with ancient bonfires and torches, which illuminated the night paths and played a significant role in religious ceremonies. From the Muromachi period, lanterns were developed, and later, portable lanterns became widespread. Towards the end of the Edo period and into the Meiji era, the introduction of Western-style lighting progressed, and oil lamps appeared. Subsequently, the spread of electric lighting significantly transformed the culture of lighting.
Japan's Unique Aesthetic of 'In'ei'
In "In Praise of Shadows," written by the famous Japanese novelist Jun'ichirō Tanizaki between the late 1880s and the mid-1900s, the beauty and value of dimness in Japanese culture are introduced. "In'ei" refers not to pitch darkness but to a vaguely dim lightness where the presence of light is faintly perceptible.
In the book, Tanizaki uses the dimness created by shoji (paper doors) as an example. In traditional Japanese architecture, light entering from the engawa (veranda) is diffused through shoji, creating a soft illumination. In contrast to Western architecture, which sought to maximize direct light through glass doors, Tanizaki presented the soft light through shoji as a unique Japanese aesthetic. He also considered that objects such as Japanese lacquerware and gold leaf, which have a subdued presence compared to the glittering cutlery and jewels preferred by Westerners, developed in pursuit of beauty in dim light, typically illuminated by candles. At a time when society was rapidly westernizing and modernizing, Tanizaki lamented the swift loss of Japanese aesthetics and questioned society through "In Praise of Shadows."
Characteristics of Lighting in Traditional Japanese Homes
Lighting in traditional Japanese homes values natural light and its harmonious use. The design, which becomes dimmer towards the upper part of a room, creates a unique, soft light by utilizing light reflected off the eaves and veranda. Below are specific types of Japanese lighting fixtures introduced.
Types of Japanese Lighting Fixtures
- Andon (行灯): A lamp made of wood, bamboo, or metal frames covered with paper, using rapeseed or sardine oil.
- Bonbori (雪洞): A small, portable type of andon commonly seen in shrines and festivals.
- Chochin (提灯): Round lanterns with bamboo frames covered with paper or silk, often used as signs for izakayas and restaurants.
- Tourou (灯篭): Lanterns made of stone, copper, or metal, placed in traditional settings.
The Significance of Incorporating Japanese Lighting Fixtures
Incorporating Japanese lighting fixtures into modern living spaces means not only ensuring brightness for practicality but also creating a peaceful atmosphere, seeking beauty and tranquility in dimness, and embracing harmony with nature and cultural significance in homes. Additionally, modern Japanese-style lighting fixtures, which enjoy the play of light and shadow, can offer new delights and tranquility in home spaces.
Japanese "light" has deeply influenced people's lives and aesthetic senses through history. Understanding its unique culture and technological evolution can provide hints for a richer life.
